Manganese is a mineral that plays a key role in forming connective tissue, sex hormones, making blood clotting factors, bone health, wound healing and central nervous system function. Manganese is also essential for the absorption of calcium, as well as glucose regulation, carbohydrate, fat, cholesterol and amino acid metabolism. Chronic exposure to manganese (as in industrial settings) may cause effects on the central nervous system. Toxic exposure may occur from dry cells, fungicide (maneb), and in the steel or chemical industries. Manganese is present in the coloring agents for glass and soap, in paints, varnish and enamel, and in linoleum. It is used in the manufacturing of chlorine gas and in lead-free gasoline. Industrial manganese poisoning has been recognized since 1837. This urine test is also used in following individualize manganese-dosing in long-term parenteral nutrition and to follow the success of chelation therapy with para-aminosalicylate sodium in manganism. Manganese levels that are too high can lead to: FeverChillsMouth and throat drynessMuscle pains/crampsHeadachesNauseaRestlessnessIrritabilityHallucinationsHearing loss/impairmentPersonality changeDeficient manganese levels can lead to: Impaired glucose toleranceAltered carbohydrate and fat metabolismSkeletal abnormalities/Loss of mineralization in bonesRashes on skinIron-deficiency anemiaIncreased blood calcium levelsElevated phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase levelsDizzinessSeizuresNausea and vomitingInfertilityMajor dietary sources of manganese include: GrapesPineappleDark, leafy greensBerriesSweet potatoesKiwiBeetsNuts and seedsLegumesEgg yolksWhole grainsSome herbs and spices including cinnamon, thyme, peppermint and syrup/molassesManganese deficiency can be more prevalent in people who: Sweat excessivelyUse antacidsUse oral contraceptivesHave malabsorption issuesHave excess copper, iron or magnesiumHave eliminated manganese from their diet completelyHave chronic liver or gallbladder disorders